Koon-Hui
Wang, Robert McSorley
University of Florida, Department of
Entomology and Nematology, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, U.S.A.
(Last updated September 2003)
Preface
This key for nematophagous
fungi is simplified from the key of Cooke and Godfreys (1963) with the focus on
nematode-trapping fungi and endoparasitic fungi. Nomenclature for the
Dactylella-Monacrosporium complex are updated according to Revision of
predacious hyphomycetes in the Dactylella-Monocrosporium complex (Rubner,
1996). Many of the pictures attached are from the collection and publications
from Dr. R. Esser, Society of Nematologists biocontrol slide set, as well as
the authors collection. The authors recommend readers to use the original key
for species identification and only use this key as a pictorial guidance.
KEY TO NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI
1. Endoparasitic fungi (mycelium in the
life cycle predominantly inside nematode host)
.
2
1. Predatory fungi (mycelium in the life
cycle predominantly outside nematode host)
.
..13
2.Assimilative hyphae within host
transformed into fertile hyphae, extended out of host slightly, producing
adhesive cells or ingestive conidia
3
2.Vegetative hyphae within host transformed
into sporangia producing zoospores, or producing conidia, zygospores or
azygospores
9
Endoparasitic Fungi with Adhesive
Cells or Ingestive Spores
3. Hyphae
aseptate
..
3. Hyphae septate
..4
4. Hyphae with clamp
connection
5
4. Hyphae without clamp
connection
...7
a.
Nematoctonus
5. Hyphae bearing adhesive cells (knobs).
a.
Nematoctonus robustus Jones
b.
N. concurrens Drechs.
c.
N. haptocladus Drechs.
d.
N. campylosporus Drechs.
5. Hyphae lacking adhesive cells, but
producing adhesive knobs on conidium
.6
6. Chlamydospores produced
a.
Nematoctonus pachysporus Drechs.
b.
N. tylosporus Drechs.
6. Chlamydospores not produced
a. Nematoctonus
leiosporus Drechs.
b. N.
leptosporus Drechs.
7. Conidia borne on strigmata, no phialides
a.
Drechmeria coniospora (Drechs.) Gams & Jansson
7. Conidia borne on phialide
.
.
..8
8. Conidia adhesive
a.
Hirsutella rhossiliensis Minter & Brandy
b.
H. minnesotensis Chen, Liu, Chen
8.Conidia filiform
a.
Harposporium helicoides Drechs.
b.
H. oxycoracum Drechs.
8. Conidia arcuate
a.
H. anguillulae Lohde
(Karling)
b.
H. liliputanum Dixon
c.
H. crassum Shepard
8. Conidia straight or slightly curved
a.
H. baculiforme Drechs.
b.
H. sicyodes Drechs.
8. Conidia pea-pod, barbed at one or both
ends
a.
H. bysmatosporum Drechs.
b.
H. diceraeum Drechs.
(See Species
of Harposporium spp.in Esser, 1992)
9.
Vegetative hyphae within the host developed into conidiophores that pass out of
host, producing conidia.
a. Meristacrum asterospermum Drechs.
Endoparasites that Produce
Encysting Spores
9.
Vegetative hyphae within the host transformed into sporangia producing
spores
.
...10
(See Fungi
that utilize zoospores to parasitize nematodes by Esser and Schubert, 1983)
10
Sporangium (zoosporangium) producing motile zoospores
..
.
..11
10.
Sporagium producing inmotile spores
..
.
..12
11.
Zoospores uniflagellate, no zygospores, no resting spores.
a.
Catenaria anguillulae Sorokin
(see Pathogenicity of selected nematodes by Catenaria
anguillulae, Esser and Ridings, 1973)
11.
Zoospores biflagellate, may form zygospres, produce resting spores.
b.
Myzocytium vermicola (Zopf) Fischer
c. M. glutinosporum Barron
d. M. humicola Barron & Percy
e. Nematophthora gynophila Kerry
& Crump
12.
Spores globular or polyhedral with a lobed appendages.
a. Haptoglossa heterospora Drechs.
12.
Spores clavate.
a. Protascus subuliformis Dangeard
Nematode-Trapping Fungi
13. Morphologically unmodified hyphae
...14
13. Morphologically modified hyphae forming
traps
17
14. Hyphae aseptate with yellow adhesive
substances at contact
.
15
14. Hyphae
septate
...
..16
Adhesive
Mycelia
15. Produce conidia on simple conidiophore.
a.
Stylopage hadra Drechs.
b.
S. leiohypha Drechs.
c.
S. grandis Drechs.
15. Without conidia, but chlamydospores
formed.
a.
Chlamydospores formed laterally: Cystopage lateralis Drechs.
b.
Chlamydospores formed intercalary: C. intercalaris Drechs.
c.
Chlamydospores on crooked branches or intercalary: C. cladospora Drechs.
16. Conidia bifurcate
a.
Triposporina aphanopaga Drechs.
16. Conidia furcated, trident-like.
a.
T.ridentaria implicans Drechs.
17. Hyphae aseptate, lateral branches
bearing poorly differentiated adhesive knobs.
a.
Acaulopage pectospora Drechs.
17. Hyphae
septate...
..18
18.
Hyphae forming adhesive branches, sometimeS forming simple 2-dimensional
network; conidiophore simple, single terminal conidium.
Adhesive Branches
(see Fungi employing mucilaginous hyphal,
sessile, or stalked globose cells to entrap nematodes by Esser and Schubert,
1982).
a. Monacrosporium
cionopagum (Drechs) Subram [Dactylella
cionapaga Drechs]
Synonym: M. gephyropagum (Drechs) Subram. [Dactylella
gephyropaga Drechs.]
18.
Hyphae forming stalked or sessile adhesive knobs..
.19
18.
Hyphae forming stalked non-constricting rings, sometimes accompanied by stalked
adhesive knobs
..21
18. Hyphae forming stalked constricting
rings
22
18. Hyphae anastomosing to form 2 or 3
dimensional adhesive networks
..23
Adhesive
Knobs
19. Conidiophore branched
a.
Arthrobotrys haptospora (Drechs.) Schenck, Kendr & Pramer [Dactylaria
haptospora Drechs.]
b.
Monacrosporium haptotylum (Drechs.) Liu & Zhang [D. haptotyla
Drechs.]
Synonym:
M. candidum (Nees.) Liu & Zhang; D. sclerohypha Drechs
c.
M. asthenopagum (Drechs.) Rubner [Dactylella asthenopaga Drechs.]
19. Conidiophore
simple
..20
20. Adhesive knobs always sessile
a.
Monacrosporium phymatopagum (Drechs.) Subram. [Dactylella phymatopaga
Drechs.]
20. Adhesive knobs sessile or
short-stalked, often form short chains of adhesive cells.
a.
M. parvicolle (Drechs.) Cooke & Dickinson [Dactylella parvicollis
Drechs.]
b.
M. lobatum (Dudd.) Rubner [Dactylella lobata Dudd.]
c.
M. robustum (McCulloch)
20. Adhesive knobs always stalked
a.
M. ellipsosporum
(Preuss) Cooke & Dickinson [Dactylella ellipsospora (Preuss) Grove]
b.
M. mammillatum (Dixon) Cooke & Dickinson [D. mammillata
Dixon]
Non-constricting
Rings
21. Adhesive knobs not present.
a.
Monacrosporium leptosporum (Drechs.) Rubner [Dactylella leptospora Drechs.]
21. Adhesive knobs present, conidiophore
simple.
a.
Monacrosporium lysipagum
(Drechs.) Subram. [Dactylella lysipaga
Drechs.]
21. Adhesive knobs present, conidiophore
branched.
a.
Monacrosporium candidum (Nees)
Liu & Zhang [Dactylaria candida (Nees)
Sacc. Drechs.]
Synonym: M. haptotylum
(Drechs) Liu & Zhang
Constricting
Rings
(See Fungi
that entrap and assimilate nematodes by employing constricting rings by Esser
and Schubert, 1991)
22. Conidia borne in a terminal cluster on
conidiophore.
a.
Arthrobotrys anchonia Drechs.
c. A. brochopaga (Drechs.) Schenck, Kendrick
& Pramer [Dactylella brochopaga Drechs.]
d.
A. gracilis (Dudd.)
Schenck, Kendrick, & Pramer [Dactylaria gracilis Dudd]
22. Conidium borne singly on a simple
conidiophore.
a.
Monacrosporium polybrochum (Drechs.) Subram. [Trichothecium
polybrochum Drechs.]
b.
Monacrosporium acrochaetum (Drechs.) Cooke [Dactylella acrochaeta
Drechs.]
c.
M. doedycoides (Drechs.) Cooke & Dickinson [D. doedycoides
Drechs.]
e.
M. stenobrochaum (Drech.) Subram. [D. stenobrocha Drechs.]
f.
M. bembicodes (Drech.) Subram [D. bembicodes Drechs.]
g.
M. turkmenicum (Sopronov) Cooke & Dickinson [D. turkmenica
Sopronov]
h.
M. coelobrochum (Drechs) Subram. [D. coelobrocha (Drechs.)
Subram.]
3-dimensional
Networks
23. Conidia with one septum
a.
Arthrobotrys cystoporia (Dudd.) Mekht. [Trichothecium cystoporium
Dudd.]
b.
Duddingtonia flagans (Dudd.) Cooke [T. flagrans Dudd.]
c.
T. pravicovi Soprunov
d.
T. globosporum var globosporum Soprunov
e.
T. globosporum var microsporum Soprunov
f. T. globosporum var roseum
Soprunov
g.
Arthrobotrys arthrobotryoides (Berl.) Lindau Drechs.
h.
A. conoides Drechs.
j.
A. superba Corda.
k.
A. longispora Soprunov
l.
A. oviformis Soprunov
m.
A. doliformis Soprunov
n.
A. kirghizica Soprunov
o.
A. cladodes var cladodes Drechs.
p.
A. cladodes var macroides Drechs.
r.
A. musiformis Drechs.
23. Conidia with more than one septum.
a.
Monacrosporium eudermatum (Drechs.) Subram [Dactylaria
eudermata Drechs].
b.
M. psychrophilum (Drechs.) Cooke & Dickinson [Dactylaria
psychrophila (Drechs) Subram.]
c.
M. megalosporum
(Drechs) Subram. Dactylella megalospora
Drechs.
d.
M. reticulatum (Peach) Cooke & Dickinson [Dactylella
reticuluta Peach]
e.
M.
thaumasium
(Drechs.) de Hoog & Oorschot [Dactylaria thaumasia Drechs.]
f.
Arthrobotrys polycephala (Drechs.) Rifai [D. polycephala Drechs.]
g. A. pyriformis
(Juniper) Schenck, Kendr. & Pramer [Dactylaria pyriformis Juniper]
h.
A. scaphoides (Peach) Schenck, Kendr. & Pramer [Dactylaria
scaphoides Peach]
i.
M. gampsosporum (Drechs.) Rubner [Dactylaria gampsospora Drechs.]